Define the term language planning as given by Brutt-Griffler (2002). List two characteristics of ‘Top down’ and ‘Bottom up’ language policy each. Also, explain five factors that determine the place of a language in language policy.

Define the term language planning as given by Brutt-Griffler (2002). List two characteristics of ‘Top down’ and ‘Bottom up’ language policy each. Also, explain five factors that determine the place of a language in language policy.

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Solution:

            Language planning, as defined by Brutt-Griffler (2002), refers to the intentional and systematic manipulation of language usage in order to achieve specific social, political, and educational goals. This includes the development, implementation, and evaluation of policies related to language education, language standardization, and language use in various settings.

Top-Down

Two characteristics of the 'Top down' language policy are:

• The decisions and actions related to language planning are made and implemented by central authorities or governments, without much input or participation from the general public or the target language community.

• The focus is on promoting a specific language or dialect as the official or standard language, often at the expense of other languages or dialects.

Bottom-up

Two characteristics of the 'Bottom up' language policy are:

• The decisions and actions related to language planning are made and implemented with the active participation and input of the target language community.

• The focus is on preserving and promoting the linguistic diversity and rights of different language communities, rather than promoting a single official language.

Five factors that determine the place of a language in language policy

Five factors that determine the place of a language in language policy are:

• Demographics: The number of speakers of a particular language and their distribution within a country or region can influence the language's place in policy.

• Economic and political power: The economic and political influence of a language community can determine the level of support and recognition they receive in language policy.

• Historical and cultural significance: The historical and cultural significance of a language can influence its place in policy, with languages associated with a country's heritage or identity being given more prominence.

• International relations: The role and importance of a language in international relations can influence its place in policy, with languages spoken in countries with strong economic or political ties being given more recognition.

• Education: The place of a language in education can influence its overall place in policy, with languages taught in schools being given more recognition and support.

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