Read the given four descriptions of the cognitive development of different individuals to identify at which stage of cognitive development they are as given by Jean Paget. Moreover, you have to give justification for the identified stage of cognitive development (by Jean Piaget).

 

One of the most popular theories of cognitive development was created by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who believed that cognitive growth occurred in stages. Piaget studied children in an effort to determine how they developed logical thinking. He attempted to document the stages of cognitive development by observing the memory processes of children. The four stages are: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. 

Read the given four descriptions of the cognitive development of different individuals to identify at which stage of cognitive development they are as given by Jean Paget. Moreover, you have to give justification for the identified stage of cognitive development (by Jean Piaget).

S.No.	Description of Cognitive Development	Identification of the stage of cognitive development was given by Jean Piaget (1x4)	Justification (4x4)
1.	Sara begins to think symbolically and learns to use words and pictures to represent objects. She is getting better with language and thinking. She learns through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people. She also often struggles with understanding the idea of constancy.	Preoperational Stage	During this stage (toddler through age 7), young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe.
2.	Atif begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. He thinks more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning. He uses deductive logic or reasoning from a general principle to specific information. He can systematically plan for the future.	Formal Operational Stage	The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem. The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and understand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
3.	Ali learns about the world through his senses. He does basic actions to interact with his world like grasping, sucking, looking, and listening. He starts to imitate others around him. He realizes that his actions can cause things to happen in the world around him. He begins to attach names and words to objects.	Sensorimotor Stage	The sensorimotor stage typically takes place within the first two years of a child's life. It is marked by the child discovering the difference between themselves and their environment. At that point, they will use their senses to learn things about both themselves and their environment.
4.	Bano begins using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle. She understands the concept of conservation; that the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass. She also becomes less egocentric and begins to think about how other people might think and feel.	Concrete Operational Stage	The concrete operational child is able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world. For example, the child can understand the principles of cause and effect, size, and distance.